Tuesday, August 25, 2020

Serotonin Receptors and Transport Essay -- Prozac Medical Neurology Es

Serotonin Receptors and Transport Being that Fluoxetine (business name Prozac) essentially works as a specific reuptake inhibitor for the synapse serotonin, some conversation of this transmitter is required before its reuptake hindrance can be tended to. Serotonin (5 hydroxytrytophan or 5HT, for short) is incorporated from the antecedent amino corrosive tryptophan through the compound activity of tryptophan hydroxylase (Abelson and Andrews,1997,p.794). This union procedure happens in the terminal boutons and the serotonin is contained in vesicles anticipating discharge when an activity potential opens the calcium doors in the presynaptic terminal. Calcium coursing through the door holds fast to the vesicle film and to the terminal film making the vesicle crack and discharge the transmitter over the synaptic hole (Kalat,2004,p.61). Serotonin has various receptor types and subtypes that are connected to numerous differing neurological capacities. Starting in the 1970’s, radioligand methods distinguished two expansive classes of receptors, to be specific sorts 5-HT1 and 5-HT2, be that as it may, research has since distinguished another twelve kinds what's more, related subtypes carrying the present aggregate to fourteen: 5HT1a,b,d,e,f, 5HT2a,b,c 5HT3, 5HT4, 5HT5a,b 5HT6, and 5HT7 (numbered postfixes speak to types, lettered postfixes are subtypes). These serotonin receptor types fluctuate by area inside the cerebrum, e.g., the most elevated thickness of 5HT1A receptors a found in the hippocampus and dorsal raphe core, while the most elevated grouping of 5-HT2 destinations are found in the average prefrontal cortex (Abelson et al. 1997,p.794). Once discharged into the synaptic hole, serotonin isn't separated by... ... film (Williams et al,1998,p.3291). The specific system for the restraint isn't, so far, completely saw, be that as it may, an increasingly complete synthetic examination of the possible procedures is given in the previous area entitled â€Å"Specific Chemical Mechanisms.† References Abelson, J., and Andrews, P.(Eds.)(1997). Reference book of Human Science. San Diego, CA: Academy Press. Adelman, G. (Ed.)(1987). Reference book of Neuroscience (Vol.2). Boston: Birkhauser. Kalat, J. W. (2004). Natural Psychology (eighth ed.). Belmont, CA: Thompson-Wadsworth. Siegel, G.J., Agranoff, B.W., Albers, R.W., and Molinoff, P.B. (1994). Fundamental neurochemistry (fifth ed.). New York: Raven Press. Shepherd, G.M. (1994). Neurobiology (third ed.). London: Oxford University Press. Williams, S., and Mauro, S. (1998). European diary of neuroscience, 10(10),3288-3295.

Saturday, August 22, 2020

Power of the Speech free essay sample

An investigation of Hillary Rodham Clinton discourse, Womens Rights are Human Rights. This paper investigates the forces of the political discourse. It shows how each word is picked with most extreme consideration and regularly the government officials words are recalled superior to their activities. One such discourse by Hilary Clinton is broke down for its substance, its goals and its repercussions. Clintons discourse can be viewed as having a place with a line of comparative addresses in American history, incorporate talks encouraging womens emancipation given by Frederick Douglass and Susan B. Anthony. She depends vigorously on the possibility of liberation, which lies at the core of majority rule government to such an extent that we will in general utilize the word as interchangeable with strengthening.

Monday, August 3, 2020

Do You Know the History of Acid or LSD

Do You Know the History of Acid or LSD Addiction Drug Use Hallucinogens Print Do You Know the History of Acid or LSD? By Elizabeth Hartney, BSc., MSc., MA, PhD Elizabeth Hartney, BSc, MSc, MA, PhD is a psychologist, professor, and Director of the Centre for Health Leadership and Research at Royal Roads University, Canada. Learn about our editorial policy Elizabeth Hartney, BSc., MSc., MA, PhD Updated on October 22, 2019 Getty Images / RapidEye More in Addiction Drug Use Hallucinogens Cocaine Heroin Marijuana Meth Ecstasy/MDMA Opioids Prescription Medications Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Nicotine Use Coping and Recovery What exactly is acid? Acid, or lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), is an illegal recreational drug derived from a parasitic fungus that grows on rye, known as ergot. Acid is the most well-known hallucinogenic drug, and due to the extended effects of the drug, the experience of taking or dropping acid is known as a trip or acid trip. The History of LSD The psychoactive properties of acid were discovered almost by accident by Dr. Albert Hofmann, a research chemist working for the Sandoz Company, in 1943. Dr. Hofmann had been synthesizing LSD-25, and some crystals of the substance had made contact with his fingertips and were absorbed through his skin. In the middle of the afternoon, while at work, Hofmann started to feel dizzy and restless. He went home, and experienced a not unpleasant intoxicated-like condition, characterized by an extremely stimulated imagination. Hofmann decided to experiment on himself and took a small quantity of the drug. After 40 minutes, he started feeling dizzy, anxious, noticing visual distortions, the symptoms of paralysis and the desire to laugh. An hour later, he went home by bicycle, which was difficult, given the effects of LSD. He requested milk from a neighbor, who appeared to be a malevolent, insidious witch with a colored mask. He also experienced unpleasant feelings about himself. Believing that lysergic acid had potential use in neurology and psychiatry, he proceeded with animal experimentation and further human studies. It was found that with both humans and animals, there seemed to be a capacity for breaking down the ego, and it appeared to show potential for people who are bogged down in an egocentric problem cycle [who] can thereby be helped to release themselves from their fixating and isolation. LSD also released long-forgotten memories and traumas into consciousness, which could then be worked through therapeutically.?? Using and Abusing LSD LSD was used in European psychotherapy clinics in an approach called psycholytic therapyâ€"meaning the dissolution of tension or conflicts in the human psycheâ€"in which patients expressed themselves through drawing and painting while under the influence of moderately strong doses of LSD, over a series of sessions. Another approach, known as psychedelic therapyâ€"meaning mind-manifesting or mind-expandingâ€"involved patients taking a single high dose of LSD, after a period of intensive psychological preparation, to attempt to restructure and cure the patients personality problems. LSD was also explored as a model for psychosis, and as a treatment for severe pain associated with cancer.?? LSD began to be used recreationally and was extremely popular during the 1960s when it was still legal. It was promoted by Drs. Timothy Leary and Richard Alpert at Harvard University. Many well-meaning people encouraged the use of LSD, believing it spread love and peace and broke down antiquated and oppressive social hierarchies. But this did not prove to be the case, and by the end of the 1960s, the dangerous side of LSD was revealed. Reports of accidents, mental breakdowns, criminal acts, murders, and suicide were reported, as well as psychotic reactions to the drug, resulting in social hysteria about LSD. Recognizing the dangers of the drug, Sandoz stopped LSD production and distribution in 1965, and psychotherapists abandoned its use in therapy.?? Although LSD has waxed and waned in popularity, it has remained a staple on the illicit drug scene. It regained popularity during the Acid House movement of the 1980s, but this was greatly superseded by the rise of the first ecstasy, then crystal meth.??

Saturday, May 23, 2020

What Part Of The Environment Has The Highest Temperature...

Question:What part of the environment is going to have the highest temperature if we heat them up with a heat lamp? Research:Out of our environment the chunk of coal is the most absorbent which causes the chunk of coal to be the warmest out of our environment.The hottest temperature ever recorded was in death valley and it was a whopping 134 degrees fahrenheit and death valley has a lot of hard solid rock which adds to the rock is very absorbent and gets hot very easily.Also it s at a low elevation and sparse vegetation and the main reason it gets hot is because of the rocks and dirt.In our environment the greenhouse is being created because the light is reflecting off the coal rock which gets trapped inside which provides heat.†¦show more content†¦4.DO NOT WRAP the plastic wrap around your face because you could sufacate. Procedures: 1.Get a tub 2. add 130 ml of dark gravel 3. add 140 ml of beach sand 4. add a chunk of coal. 5. add 170 ml of water 6. get some plastic wrap big enough to cover the top of the tub 7 tape the plastic wrap over the top of the tub 8. get 2 celsius thermometers. 9. put one of the thermometers on the rock and the other in the water/sand/gravel mix. 10. Wait 2 minutes and write the temperature down for the rock and the water/gravel/sand mix on a piece of paper. 11. Get a heat lamp and set it up so it is shining down on the environment. 12. Turn on the heat lamp and wait 2 minutes. 13. When the 2 minutes are over write down the temperatures for the rock and the sand/water/gravel mix. 14.Repeat step 13, 20 times. 15.Then see if it resembles the Greenhouse effect. Materials: 1 Heating Lamp, 1 tub, plastic wrap, Tape, 130ml Dark gravel, 140ml beach sand, 1 chunk of Coal, 170ml water. Results/Data: Temperatures of Biome Time (min) Coal (C) Sand/Water/gravel mix (C) 2 30 23 4 32 26 6 34 30 8 36 33 10 38 35 12 40 38 14 41 39 16 42 40 18 43 41 20 43 41 22 43 41 24 44 42 26 44 42 Mean: Coal: 39.23 Beach:36.23 Range:Coal:14 Beach:19 Analysis part 1: y axis vertical x axis is horizontal Analysis part 2: In the trials the coal had aShow MoreRelatedEarth Operators Manual1072 Words   |  5 Pagesrelationship between climate change and energy. The questions he answers in his documentary was how much energy we consume as humans, what amount of this energy do we derive from fossil fuels, what countries are putting in place to conserve some of the energy and some other new practices we can adopt to save our planet. Fossil fuel as the number one producer of energy in todays world; 80% of the energy we use today is derived from plants which died over hundreds of thousand years ago. 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Wednesday, May 6, 2020

Supply Chain Risk Management Free Essays

Supply Chain Risk Management is the concept of trying to foresee disruptions to timely supply of goods or services required by the organisation and creating systems to mitigate these at the lowest possible cost to the organisation and by so doing ensure that there will be continuity in the normal operations of the business. Supply chain risks have the potential to cripple a business’ operations and can have long and short term effects which may be difficult to recover from. A delay along a route is a short term problem whereas the presence of a monopoly supplier in the chain holding up stocks to force an increase in prices or shutting down for whatever reason is long term. We will write a custom essay sample on Supply Chain Risk Management or any similar topic only for you Order Now Certain types of disruptions are both difficult to anticipate and rare, but very damaging when they occur; for example, natural disasters such as earthquakes are difficult to predict but have the potential to ruin entire factories and road networks wreaking havoc to the entire supply chain. Disruptions to supply can be anticipated and countered by building inventory or by having multiple redundant suppliers since it is highly unlikely to encounter a scenario where multiple suppliers are simultaneously disrupted. Both of these processes can be described as building supply chain reserves. Concept of Risk Risk can be perceived from various angles; one of its basic definitions being the probability of threat of quantifiable damage, injury, liability, loss or any other negative occurrence that is caused by external or internal vulnerabilities and that may be avoided through pre-emptive action. 1 In developing an understanding of risk, it is necessary to incorporate its two fundamental facets; the first being the exposure to the uncertainty and the second being the actual outcomes upon occurrence of the event. 2 Hence, risk can be expressed as the product of probability and consequences of an event. Along with this, one must also be able to know the sources of the identified risk. 2 It is common to analyse risk by means of a matrix with 2 dimensions, probability and consequences but such an analysis has the main disadvantage of being reliant on risk perception. Risk perception depends on time, experience, location, attitude, position and possibilities to decide and scale of events. 2 It is also important to realise that risk has no technical value in and of itself, hence in developing a risk management process, the aim is to always do it at a minimum cost. 3 Risk Variety An overview of business risks in general is useful in understanding supply chain risk. Risks can be externally driven (environmental, external factors, competitors, customers, regulations), internally driven and decision driven. 3 At times, managing supply chain risk may be difficult because of the interconnection of individual risks and actions that mitigate one risk may end up exacerbating another. For example, nitrogen gas used for bottling in large amounts may displace the local atmosphere and cause asphyxiation. Increasing local stores may minimise the effects of a shortage of supply but immediately it increases storage costs and the possibility of leaks in a larger vessel. Broadly speaking, risks can be categorized as those that bring about delays in the supply chain and those that disrupt the normal flow. 4 Delays The occurrence of delays in material flows is the result of either of several possible factors such as; Inflexibility of suppliers hence inability to respond to changes in demand Poor output at supplier plants High levels of handling or inspections at border crossings In a scenario where these are frequent, historical trends can be used to create a forecasting tool against which with proper demand planning, these effects can be mitigated. In the local case of SZL, sugar is may be delayed by a day or two at the Limpopo Border post and analysis of past trends has allowed a conclusion to be drawn that a minimum and maximum stock level of 3 days and 1 week cover is sufficient to both cover for these drawbacks and at the same time neither be too much of an impedance to the cash flow of the organisation nor create a significant rise in local storage costs. Disruptions Disruptions by nature tend to be infrequent, difficult to predict and forecast but very damaging when they occur. Examples that fall under this category include labour strikes, terror strikes and fires. Some disruptions have effects that transcend over various industries and can even be international such as earthquakes or the tsunami in Japan in recent memory. Disruptions also adversely affect material prices which can pose a significant problem to business operations. These can be countered by building inventories or having multiple redundant suppliers. The decision making process however as to which path of action is governed by the following factors; Cost of inventory Cost of keeping inventory Accuracy of prediction of the disruption and available information Rate of obsolescence of material whilst in inventory Likelihood of disruption For instance, MM juice concentrates are a high cost in storage, requiring refrigeration to maximise on lifespan but the decision is made to keep a significant amount within stock because of the uncertainty of the supply delivery time and the reality that upon the sea, there may be unforeseen disruptions. However, in the case of bottle preforms, not more than a week’s cover is normally kept because of the usual reliability of the suppliers and low likelihood of low supply. A recent incident however has necessitated to review this as an intra-factory incident at Megapak caused a mini-crisis within the organisation. Risk Handling Often, the strategies employed by companies protect against recurrent relatively low impact risks in the supply chain but tend to ignore high impact low likelihood risks. Suppliers with quality problems represent a common recurrent problem (labels with SZL for instance). Top manufacturers will deal with the range of supply chain risks encountered by holding reserves in the form of excess inventory, excess capacity and redundant suppliers. 4 The key challenge facing management is to intelligently position and sizing of supply-chain reserves with a minimum impact on profits i. e. attain the greatest possible profit regardless of the level of supply chain risk and achieving this in an efficient manner. To development a risk management strategy that will work, it is necessary to first create a shared organization-wide understanding of supply-chain risk and then determine how to adapt general risk-mitigation approaches to local organizational circumstances. 4 This is achieved by stress testing and tailoring. Stress Testing This is a team exercise that aids managers and their organizations to both understand and prioritize supply-chain risk. A what-if scenario analysis can be employed to assist the key players to focus on the supply chain 1-link at a time. It is a brainstorming exercise that helps the company prepare for unforeseen events rather than the platform to debate the likelihood of such events. Such an exercise allows for risk-mitigation priorities to be made for the near, medium and long term. In addition to this, it leaves all involved parties with a clear idea of what risks might have an impact on sales, procurement costs, revenues, prices and possibly even reputation. 4 Tailoring Tailoring is the process of suiting the response to a risk to the organization and continuously monitoring to ensure that procedures and systems in place are suitable for the purposes of the business. How to cite Supply Chain Risk Management, Essays

Thursday, April 30, 2020

The Effects of Inflation Targeting

Introduction Inflation is an increase in the prices of goods and services in the economy. It is linked to a variety of other economic factors and phenomena, both as a cause and result of inflation. These factors can be quite varied and can result in both negative and positive impacts on the economy.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Effects of Inflation Targeting specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Governments, usually through their central bank, have various methods to identify and reduce inflation. However, the response is invariably political in nature, primarily because the efforts to lower inflation can sometimes result in a lack of attention to issues such as unemployment. Additionally, inflation does not target all industries equally. Special attention to inflation made on the part of banks and government entities may insufficiently lower process in one industry, or ignore another sector. Due to th e globalized nature of the economy, allowing inflation to continue unchecked can have disastrous consequences, not only to the nation it originates in, but also in nations it is trading with. Prime example of inflation and poor economic or political responses and its effect throughout the world, is from the most recent recession of 2007-2009. Also known as the Great Recession which is one of the biggest financial crises since the Great Depression of the 1930’s. What is the principal premise behind inflation targeting? Inflation targeting is an economic policy where authorities set a monetary goal and shape the policy to match it through the use of interest rates and other budgetary tools. These figures are what dictate the prices of products within the country. Using this form of policy is a secure method in regulating the costs of conducting business. In other words, the amounts paid out in labor and production remains lower than the value received. In theory inflation targe ting is straightforward: the impending rate of inflation is predicted by the central bank, later on it is juxtaposed with the target rates which the government considers as appropriate for the economy and intends to achieve. The difference between the predicted amount and the goal determines how much monetary policy has to be adjusted (Mishkin, 2001). This type of financial manipulation is meant to avoid a shortage of available goods, as well as to encourage public investing and savings into capital funds such as stocks and bonds in order to maintain the overall money supply.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More What evidence indicates that managing the money supply is the principal task of inflation targeting? Inflation targeting is a method used by the Central Banks in order to control the economy as well as maintain stability in the financial markets. This means the B ank is responsible for keeping a balance between the supply and demand for money. Taking into account that numerous transactions use currency, there is a significant influence of money on economy of the country. In order to increase the supply of available funds, Banks will reduce interest rates, which encourage investments and also give more buying power to the consumer. An increased sale on goods persuades corporations to order more materials and increase production. The expansion of business performance requires more employees and influences on the demand for capital goods. The prices are raised with the influence of the situation caused on the stock market in a supple economy. This in its turn forces companies to deal with debts and equity. If the money supply continues to expand, prices begin to rise and banks will then raise interests’ rates in order to offset the inflation rate. However, if left un-monitored or in the case of the recent recession, reducing interest rat es too low will have a disastrous impact on the economy. Some experts believe this was the main cause of the current downturn; loose lending on the part of the Banks coupled with no-money down loans provoked a rapid rise in the housing market. When this same market crashed, a majority of the loans went into default and with no capital to collect on; Banks were facing real dangers of bankruptcy. Is there an ideal rate of Inflation? Ideally inflation rates should be stable at 2 percent per year allowing room for economic growth. Amounts which are over 3 percent or below 1 percent are generally a cause for concern. The United States for example, has experienced low levels of inflation recently due to the sluggish economy following the Great Recession. Currently the inflation rate is about 2.5 percent of the gross domestic product which is up from the negative 1.3 percent during the recent economic decline (Losman, 2010 Luojia Toussaint-Comeau, 2010).Advertising We will write a c ustom research paper sample on The Effects of Inflation Targeting specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Have monetary policy makers embraced policy initiatives through extensive understanding of these relationships? What does evidence show? After the recent economical crisis, emergency interventions were implemented in order to rescue many national financial systems. Stimulus plans and major bailouts became a major factor in financial policies. In the United States the â€Å"ARRA (The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009)† (Isidore, 2009), was created in order to take immediate action against the growing crisis. Its primary objectives include: job creation, investment in infrastructure, education, health and capitalize on the green movement. The estimated cost of the recovery program is over $700 billion (Isidore, 2009) The main principal behind the ARRA is that â€Å"†¦during recessions governments should offset the decrease in private spending in order to save jobs and stop further economic deterioration† (Isidore, 2009). Despite official statements made by government officials about recent economical stability, the general population remains pessimistic. Falling income, rising unemployment and an increase in energy and food costs, have critics believing the country is still in crisis and possibly facing another recession. Works Cited Isidore, Chris. â€Å"The Great Recession†. CNNMoney. March 2009. Web. July 2012. Losman, Danakan.. (2010). â€Å"The Rise of Stealth Inflation†. Challenge, 2010. Questia Trusted Online research. Web. July 2012. Luojia, Hu, Maude Toussaint-Comeau. â€Å"Do Labour market activities help predict inflation?† Economic Perspectives. Questia Trusted Online research. 2010. Web. July 2012. Mishkin, Frederic S. â€Å"Inflation Targeting†. National Bureau of Economic Research. July 2001. Web. July 2012.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This research paper on The Effects of Inflation Targeting was written and submitted by user Angelina Mayo to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.